HISTORICAL OF SEPAK TAKRAW
It is believed that many variations of the game evolved from an ancient Chinese military exercise, where soldiers would try to keep a feathered shuttlecock airborne by kicking it back and forth between two or more people. As the sport developed, the animal hide and chicken feathers were eventually replaced by balls made of woven strips of rattan.
Earliest historical evidence shows that the game was played in the 15th century's Malacca Sultane, for it is mentioned in the Malay historical text, "Sejarah Melayu" (Malay Annals). The Malay Annals described in details the incident of Raja Muhammad, a son of Sultan Mansor Shah who was accidentally hit with a rattan ball by Tun Besar, a son of Tun Perak, in a Sepak Raga game. The ball hit Raja Muhammad's headgear and knocked it down to the ground. In anger, Raja Muhammad immediately stabbed and killed Tun Besar, whereupon some of Tun Besar's kinsmen retaliated and wanted to kill Raja Muhammad. However, Tun Perak managed to restrain them from such an act of treason by saying that he would no longer accept Raja Muhammad as the Sultan's heir. As a result of this incident, sultan Mansur Shah ordered his son out of Malacca and had him installed as the ruler of Pahang.
In Indonesia, sepak takraw was spread from nearby Malacca across the strait to Riau Islands and Riau area in Sumatra as early as 16th century, where it is also called as Sepak Raga in local Malay tongue, at that time some of Sumatran areas were part of Malacca sultanate. From there the Malay people spread across archipelago and introduced the game to Buginese people in Sulawesi. Then the game is developed as Buginese traditional game which is called "Raga" (the players are called "Pa'Raga"). The "Raga" can trace its origin from Malacca Sultanate and was popular in South Sulawesi since 19th century. Some men playing "Raga" encircling within a group, the ball is passed from one to another and the man who kicked the ball highest is the winner. "Raga" is also played for fun by demonstrating some tricks, such as kicking the ball and putting it on top of player's head holds by tengkolok bugis (Bugis cloth headgear similar to Malay tanjak).
In Bangkok, murals at Wat Phra Kaeo which was built in 1785, depict the Hindu god Hanuman playing sepak takraw in a ring with a troop of monkeys. Other historical accounts mention the game earlier during the reign of King Naresuan (1590–1605) of Ayutthaya. The game remained in its circle form for hundreds of years, and the modern version of sepak takraw began taking shape in Thailand sometime during early 1740s. In 1829 the Siam Sports Association drafted the first rules for takraw competition. Four years later, the association introduced the volleyball-style net and held the first public contest. Within just a few years, takraw was introduced to the curriculum in Siamese schools. The game became such a cherished local custom that another exhibition of volleyball-style takraw was staged to celebrate the kingdom’s first constitution in 1933, the year after Thailand abolished absolute monarchy.
In the Philippines the sport was called "sipa" and along with traditional martial arts survived the three century Spanish colonization. It is a popular sport played by children in Philippines, this is their national sport. Sepak Takraw is included in Philippine's elementary and highschool curriculum.In Myamar, or Burma, it was dubbed "Chinlone", in Laos "Kator", "cầu mây" in Vietnam and in Indonesia "Raga" or "Sepak Takraw".
It is believed that many variations of the game evolved from an ancient Chinese military exercise, where soldiers would try to keep a feathered shuttlecock airborne by kicking it back and forth between two people. As the sport developed, the animal hide and chicken feathers were eventually replaced by balls made of woven strips of rattan.
The first versions of sepak takraw were not so much of a competition, but rather cooperative displays of skill designed to exercise the body, improve dexterity and loosen the limbs after long periods of sitting, standing or working.
The modern version of sepak takraw is fiercely competitive and began taking shape in Thailand almost 200 years ago. In 1829, the Siam Sports Association drafted the first rules for the game. Four years later, the association introduced the volleyball-style net and held the first public contest. Within just a few years, sepak takraw was introduced to the Physical Training curriculum in schools.
By the 1940s, the net version of the game had spread throughout Southeast Asia, and formal rules were introduced. This sport became officially known as 'sepak takraw'.
HOW TO PLAY SEPAK TAKRAW
Sepak takraw is played
between two teams of three players; the left inside, right inside and back. The
court is about the same size as a badminton court (20 by 44 feet) and the net
is 1.52 metres high. Traditionally balls were hand-woven from bamboo or rattan,
but most modern ones are synthetic.
Basic rules and scoring
are similar to volleyball. Each team is allowed a maximum of three touches of
the ball to get it back over the net to the other side without letting it touch
the ground. The first team to score either 15 or 21 points, depending on the
rules in play, wins the set. The team that prevails in two sets wins the match.
Play starts when the
server is tossed the grapefruit-sized ball by a teammate while keeping one foot
in a small 'serving circle'. He then must kick the ball over the net with the
other foot. After that, volleyball rules pretty much apply, except for the fact
that the ball can't be touched by the hands or arms. Top takraw players have to
combine great foot-eye coordination with quickness, anticipation, power,
flexibility, and acrobatic skills.
Gravity-defying Moves
While there are certain basic rules to
sepak takraw, the game varies according to the type of being played, as well as
the place where it is being played. In a village, for example, there is often
no referee. The winning player is usually the one who puts on the best show.
The intricacy and speed of the methods
used to send the ball aloft are sensational. The basics involve the sole kick
(using the arch or sole of the foot), the instep kick, knee kick, shin kick,
shoulder kick, or head kick. The more advanced maneuvers are cross-legged jump
kick, (crossing your left leg over your right and leaping up to kick the ball
with the instep of the left foot). Another version is the cross-legged knee
kick, for which the player crosses his left leg over his right above the right
knee, and then leaps into the air kicking the ball with his right knee.
Acrobatic Kicks
A spike is much more difficult in sepak
takraw than volleyball, because slamming the ball down hard means getting your
feet above the net. The movement required is a bit like a bicycle kick in
football, jumping and flipping in the air to kick the ball. After a bicycle
kick a footballer usually lands on their back, but professional sepak takraw
players are athletic enough to execute a spike and land on their feet. A good
spike or spiker is often referred to as the 'killer'.
The most breathtaking and difficult of
these feats are known as the roll spike, where the player leaps into the air to
kick the ball over the opposite shoulder, and the 'sunback' or stingray spike,
a similar scissors kick but over the same shoulder. Perhaps the most brutal
kick of all is the horse-kick serve, made famous by Thailand's Suebsak
Phunsueb, who is widely regarded as the best player in the world. Suebsak has
been confounding opponents for a decade by serving the ball to opponents at a
blistering pace using the sole of his shoe.
Net Takraw
Net takraw is played in a
badminton-sized court. Lots are drawn beforehand to determine placement of the
players and the first serve.
In-tossing
Takraw
With fewer rules to abide by, the
point is simply to see how many times the ball can be hit aloft by the player.
It is a means of training for a player. Some can hit the ball from positions
which call for stooping or lying down. A good player should be able to keep the
ball aloft for ten minutes and, if he is joined by others, the group should
manage to keep it in play for close to an hour. Naturally, this is a skill
which only the most adept players can manage: they have trained arduously, are
able to concentrate for a long period, and are able to use their bodies
dexterously.
Hoop
Takraw
Considered the most difficult version
of the game is 'lawd huang', as it is known locally. Similar to circle takraw,
but the goal is to put the ball into a basket-shaped net with three hoop
openings in a triangular formation suspended some five to six metres above
ground.
Standing at the perimeter of a circle,
each team is given an allotted time, usually 20 or 30 minutes, to put the ball
in the basket as many times and as gracefully as they can. Points are awarded
for difficulty and creativity, so players break out their full repertoires of
such expert manoeuvres as cross-legged jump kicks and other artistic kicks
behind the back or with the sole of the foot, as well as strikes with the
elbows, shoulders and forehead.
In-scoring
Takraw
Played with no nets or hoops, the ball
rotates from player to player, and each is scored according to the skill
displayed. After 30 minutes or ten starting throws, the highest score
determines the winner.
Takraw
Wong (Circle Takraw)
The name says it all. The
less acrobatic takraw wong consists of five to seven players standing in a
circle, trying to keep the ball airborne as long as possible. Other than
football, takraw wong is perhaps the most popular pastime among Thai people
since no other special skills are required except for creativity of movement.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
Measurements of court and equipment often vary among tournaments and organizations that operate from a recreational to a competitive level; international competitive rules and regulation are used in this section. There two types of event categories: the regu and the doubles regu. The regu category is played by three players on each team while the doubles regu is played by two players on each team.
Expressions
Sepak is the Malay word for "kick". Takraw is the Thai word for the hand-woven rattan ball originally used in the game. So the game is essentially "kick ball". Regu is Malay for "team" (four people, three starters, and one substitute player).
Court
Court
The sepak takraw sport is played on a similar to badminton double sized court.
Area of 13.4 by 6.1 metres (44 × 20 ft) free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 metres (26 ft) measured from the floor surface (sand and grass court not advisable). The width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 4 centimetres (1.6 in) measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. All the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) away from all obstacles. The centre line of 2 cm (0.79 in) should be drawn equally dividing the right and left court.
At the corner of each at the center line, the quarter circle shall be drawn from the sideline to the center line with a radius of 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) measured and drawn outwards from the edge of the 0.9 m radius.
The service circle of 0.3 m radius shall be drawn on the left and on the right court, the center of which is 2.45 m from the back line of the court and 3.05 m from the sidelines, the 0.04 m line shall be measured and drawn outward from the edge of the 0.3 m radius.
Net
The net shall be made of fine ordinary cord or nylon with 6 cm to 8 cm mesh. Similar to a volleyball net.
The net shall be 0.7 m in width and not shorter than 6.10 m in length and taped at 0.05 m from tape double at the top and sideline, called boundary tape.
The net shall be edged with 0.05 m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and strain over and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1.52 m (1.42 m for women) in height from the center and 1.55 m (1.45 m for women's) at the posts.
Ball
Area of 13.4 by 6.1 metres (44 × 20 ft) free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 metres (26 ft) measured from the floor surface (sand and grass court not advisable). The width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 4 centimetres (1.6 in) measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. All the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) away from all obstacles. The centre line of 2 cm (0.79 in) should be drawn equally dividing the right and left court.
At the corner of each at the center line, the quarter circle shall be drawn from the sideline to the center line with a radius of 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) measured and drawn outwards from the edge of the 0.9 m radius.
The service circle of 0.3 m radius shall be drawn on the left and on the right court, the center of which is 2.45 m from the back line of the court and 3.05 m from the sidelines, the 0.04 m line shall be measured and drawn outward from the edge of the 0.3 m radius.
Net
The net shall be made of fine ordinary cord or nylon with 6 cm to 8 cm mesh. Similar to a volleyball net.
The net shall be 0.7 m in width and not shorter than 6.10 m in length and taped at 0.05 m from tape double at the top and sideline, called boundary tape.
The net shall be edged with 0.05 m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and strain over and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1.52 m (1.42 m for women) in height from the center and 1.55 m (1.45 m for women's) at the posts.
Ball
The sepak takraw ball shall be spherical in shape, made of synthetic fiber or one woven layer.
Sepak takraw balls without synthetic rubber covering must have 12 holes and 20 intersections, must have a circumference measuring not less from 42–44 cm (17–17 in) for men and from 43–45 cm (17–18 in) for women, and must have a weight that ranges from 170–180 g (6.0–6.3 oz) for men and from 150–160 g (5.3–5.6 oz) for women.
The ball can be in plain single colour, multi-colour, and luminous colours, but not in any colour that will impair the performance of the players.
The sepak takraw ball can also be constructed of synthetic rubber or soft durable material for covering the ball, for the purpose of softening the impact of the ball on the player’s body. The type of material and method used for constructing the ball or for covering the ball with rubber or soft durable covering must be approved by ISTAF before it can be used for any competition
Players
A match is played by two regus (teams), each consisting of three players.
One of the three players shall be at the back; he is called a “Tekong”. The other two players shall be in front, one on the left and the other on the right. The player on the left is called a “Left Inside” and the player on the right is called a “Right Inside”.
Start of play and service
The side that must serve first shall start the first set. The side that wins the first set shall have the options of “Choosing Service”.
The throw must be executed as soon as the referee calls the score. If either of the "Inside" players throws the ball before the referee calls the score, it must be re-thrown and a warning will be given to the thrower.
During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players are allowed to move about freely in their respective courts.
The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and inside the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of the opponent’s court.
Faults
Serving side during service
Serving and receiving side during service
- The "Inside" player who is making service throws, plays about with the ball (throwing up the ball, bumping, giving to other "Inside" player, etc.) after the call of score has been made by the referee.
- The "Inside" player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or touches the net while throwing the ball.
- The Tekong jumps off the ground to execute the service.
- The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw.
- The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court.
- The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court.
- The ball does not cross to the opponent side.
- A player uses his hand or hands, or any other part of his arms to facilitate the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touch the ball, but it touches other objects or surfaces instead when doing so.
Serving and receiving side during service
- Creating distracting manner or noise or shouting at his opponent.
For both sides during the game
- Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side.
- Any part of player's body crosses over into opponent's court whether above or under the net except during the follow-through of the ball.
- Playing the ball more than 3 times in succession.
- The ball touches the arm
- Stopping or holding the ball under the arm, between the legs or body.
- Any part of the body or player's outfits e.g. shoes, jersey, head band etc., touches the net or the post or the referee's chairs or falls into the opponent's side.
An official match is won by best of five sets, win 3 sets of 5; used on important tournaments on all matches or in finals after group stages. A team event or group match is won by best of three sets, win 2 sets of 3; used in team events and often in tournaments to speed up group stages.
In a knock out system mainly used in tournaments teams doesn’t have to play the 5th (or 3rd)set if winner is known. In a league system it is mandatory for all teams to complete the 5 (or 3) sets.
In the last 5th (or 3rd) set the change of sides takes place when one team reaches 8 points.
Point: When either serving side or receiving side commits a fault, a point is awarded to the opponent side including making next service.
Set: Each set is won by the side which scores fifteen (15) points with a minimum lead of two (2) points. In the event of a 14-14 tie, the set shall be won by the side which gets a lead of two (2) points, or when a side reaches 17 points (whichever occurs first).
Match: Match is won by the team who has won more sets, 3 (or 2). Teams can win 3, 2, 1 or 0 set points per match in best of 5 or win 2, 1 or 0 set points per match in best of 3.
Ranking: In group stages of tournaments or team events aka round robin the ranking in a group is determined by: 1. Sum of match wins; a match win gives 1 point 2. Sum set points, 3. Point difference +/-
EVENTS AND ACHIEVEMENT
Often described as a spectacular blend of volleyball, football, martial arts and gymnastics, Sepaktakraw is, in reality, a sport unlike any other. It demands lightning reflexes, precise control, and fearless, gravity-defying jumps. It is astonishingly visceral and explosive, yet, at times, equally balletic and graceful. Sepaktakraw is already a medal sport in the Asian Games and has long remained one of Asia‘s best-kept secrets - but now it is time to spread the spirit of one of the toughest games in the world!The International Sepaktakraw Federation (ISTAF) and UFA Sports have undertaken a global relaunch of Sepaktakraw and created the first-ever international series of elite tournaments. With a new ISTAF Tournament calendar that features the inaugural 2011 ISTAF World Cup and the ISTAF Super Series in 5 South-East Asian countries, this fascinating sport is ready to capture global audiences.
ISTAF World Ranking (as of 12 Sep, 2012)
Men's Regu
(as of Sep, 2012)
|
Women's
Regu (as of Sep, 2012)
| |||||||||
Ranking
|
Country
|
Points
|
Ranking
|
Country
|
Points
| |||||
1
|
Thailand
|
750
|
1
|
Thailand
|
750
| |||||
2
|
Malaysia
|
525
|
2
|
Vietname
|
550
| |||||
3
|
Indonesia
|
475
|
3
|
China
|
475
| |||||
4
|
Myanmar
|
465
|
4
|
Korea
|
465
| |||||
5
|
Korea
|
455
|
5
|
Malaysia
|
440
| |||||
6
|
Singapore
|
430
|
6
|
Myanmar
|
415
| |||||
7
|
Phillippines
|
390
|
7
|
India
|
400
| |||||
8
|
India
|
355
|
8
|
Japan
|
370
| |||||
9
|
Japan
|
340
|
9
|
Cambodia
|
260
| |||||
10
|
Brunei
|
300
|
10
|
Indonesia
|
270
| |||||
11
|
Laos
|
270
|
11
|
Phillippines
|
250
| |||||
12
|
USA
|
250
|
12
|
Pakistan
|
170
| |||||
Men's
Winner
|
Thailand
| |
Men's
Runner-Up
|
Malaysia
| |
Men's
3th-place
|
Indonesia
| |
Men's
4th-place
|
Korea
| |
Men's
5th-place
|
Brunei
| |
Men's
6th-place
|
Japan
| |
Men's
7th-place
|
Singapore
| |
Men's
8th-place
|
USA
| |
Men's
9th-place
|
Chinese
Taipei
| |
Women's
Winner
|
Thailand
| |
Women's
Runner-Up
|
Korea
| |
Women's
3th-place
|
Vietnam
| |
Women's
4th-place
|
Indonesia
| |
Women's
5th-place
|
Malaysia
| |
Women's
6th-place
|
Japan
| |
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